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General health
From gallstones and hernias to varicose veins and digestive problems, our Spire experts provide insight and knowledge for a range of health conditions.
General health articles
What's the difference between a cold and the flu?
A sore throat, cough and runny nose are symptoms most people recognise as having a cold or the flu.
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What is chronic pain and how is it treated?
Around a quarter of the population in the UK will experience chronic (long-term) pain at some point in their lives.
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Why would you need a colonoscopy and what is involved?
Consultant Gastroenterologist, Dr Mark Cox details what a colonoscopy procedure is, what it involves and why a person would have one.
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Pain when pooping
Pain when pooping could be a symptom of an underlying health condition.
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How alcohol can affect your liver
Drinking excessive amounts of alcohol can have both short and long-term effects on your health and wellbeing.
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Hay fever: what is it and how is it treated?
Hay fever affects around one quarter of all UK adults, making it one of the most common immune conditions,
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COPD treatment options: is endobronchial valve surgery right for you?
Dr Anneka Biswas says if you've been diagnosed with COPD, you can choose from a variety of treatment options.
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How to manage your eyelid bags: home remedies and surgery
Getting older brings a host of changes to our bodies, including our eyelids.
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Hernia Q&A
Consultant General and Colorectal Surgeon, Mr Haney Youssef explains what a hernia is and how it's caused.
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How is obesity linked to diabetes?
The UK has one of the highest rates of obesity in Europe.
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Abnormal liver blood test: what does it mean?
Your liver is a large cone-shaped organ that sits in the upper right area of your abdomen.
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Understanding iron deficiency anaemia: causes and treatments
Anaemia is a condition where you haven’t got enough healthy blood cells to carry oxygen around your body.
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Shockwave lithotripsy: Procedure, benefits, risks and recovery
Professor Ben Grey, Consultant Urologist, says shockwave lithotripsy is a non-invasive treatment for kidney stones.
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Five common indigestion myths dispelled
Around 40% of the UK population experiences indigestion every year.
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Why am I always tired? Five possible causes of fatigue
Feeling tired is fairly common and can be caused by lots of different things, such as working too much or staying up too late.
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IBS explained: causes, symptoms and treatment
IBS or irritable bowel syndrome is a common, chronic (long-term) condition that affects your large intestine.
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Understanding insomnia: symptoms, causes and solutions
Getting a good night’s sleep can be challenging for a variety of reasons.
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Common causes of dizziness and how to treat it
Most people will feel dizzy at some point in their lives but frequent bouts of dizziness can be distressing.
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Blood clots: symptoms, diagnosis and treatment explained
Your blood’s clotting ability is important to help stop excessive and potentially dangerous bleeding when a blood vessel is injured.
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Understanding fibromyalgia: symptoms, causes, diagnosis and treatment
Fibromyalgia, also known as fibromyalgia syndrome, refers to a collection of symptoms, including body pain.
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Hernia repair surgery: procedure, benefits, risks and recovery
Mr Youssef says if you suffer pain or other symptoms from your hernia, he recommends you have it surgically repaired.
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Select from our range of available general surgery treatments
- Acid reflux (Stretta)
- Barium enema
- Barium swallow and barium meal
- Bowel surgery, colostomy and ileostomy
- Colonoscopy
- Craniotomy (brain surgery)
- Flexible sigmoidoscopy
- Gallbladder / gallstone removal (cholecystectomy)
- Gastroscopy
- Haemorrhoids removal treatment
- Hernia surgery
- Ingrown toenail surgery
- Mastectomy
- Laparoscopy investigation and treatment
- Liver surgery
- Neck lumps
- Surgery for anal fistula
- Surgery for anal warts
- Thyroidectomy surgery
- Varicose vein treatment
All treatments
Hide A-Z listA A:
- Abdominal hysterectomy
- Abdominal pain
- Ablation of arrhythmia
- Acid reflux (Stretta)
- Acne
- Acne
- Acupuncture
- Age-related macular degeneration
- Age-related macular degeneration treatment
- Allergy and infectious diseases
- Allergy testing
- AlterG treadmill
- Anaemia
- Anal abscess
- Anal bleeding
- Anal discharge
- Anal fissure
- Anal fistula
- Anal pain
- Angina
- Ankle arthroscopy
- Ankle replacement
- Ankylosing spondylitis
- Anterior cruciate ligament injury
- Anti-wrinkle treatment by injection
- Aortic valve replacement
- Arm reduction and arm lift
- Arrhythmia
- Arthritis
- Arthroscopy
- Articular cartilage repair
- Asthma
- Asthma
B B:
- Back pain
- Back pain investigations (discography)
- Back surgery (spinal surgery)
- Bad breath
- Baker's cyst
- Balloon kyphoplasty
- Balloon sinuplasty for chronic sinusitis
- Bariatric surgery
- Barium enema
- Barium swallow and barium meal
- Benign prostate treatments
- Birthmarks
- Bladder cancer
- Bladder investigations (cystoscopy)
- Bladder lesion removal
- Blood clot or thrombosis test
- Blood disorder test
- Blood in urine
- Blood pressure test
- Blood tests
- Blood tests for heart disease risk (cardiac testing)
- Blood type or blood group test
- Blurred vision
- Body Movement Therapy
- Bone density scan for osteoporosis
- Bones and joints
- Boob job
- Botulinum toxin injection for back pain
- Bowel cancer
- Bowel disorder test
- Bowel incontinence
- Bowel surgery, colostomy and ileostomy
- Bowel treatments
- Brain tumour
- Bravo pH monitoring
- Breast augmentation
- Breast cancer
- Breast cancer genetic test (BRCA 1 & 2 genetic testing)
- Breast enhancement
- Breast enlargement
- Breast health risk assessment
- Breast implant removal
- Breast implants
- Breast lift
- Breast lump investigation
- Breast lump removal
- Breast reconstruction following mastectomy
- Breast reduction
- Breast screening and surgery
- Breast uplift (mastopexy)
- Breathlessness
- Broken nose
- Bronchoscopy
- Brow lift surgery
- Bunion removal and treatment
- Bunions
- Bursitis
C C:
- Cancer investigations and treatments
- Cancer tests
- Capsule endoscopy
- Cardiac catheterisation
- Cardiac CT scan (heart CT)
- Cardiac electrophysiology
- Cardiac MRI scan (heart MRI)
- Cardiomemo recording
- Cardioversion heart rhythm treatment
- Carotid artery disease
- Carpal tunnel decompression
- Carpal tunnel release
- Carpal tunnel syndrome
- Carpal tunnel syndrome surgery
- Cataract removal surgery
- Cataracts
- Cerebral palsy
- Cervical cancer
- Cervical smears
- Chalazion (inner eyelid cyst) removal
- Cheek implants
- Chemical skin peels
- Chemosaturation therapy
- Chemotherapy
- Chest pain
- Chin implant
- Chlamydia
- Cholesterol level test
- Chronic fatigue
- Chronic pain management
- Circumcision
- Clinical Pilates
- Coeliac disease
- Colonoscopy
- Colposcopy
- Constipation
- Contact dermatitis
- Contrast echocardiogram
- Corneal cross-linking for keratoconus
- Coronary angioplasty
- Coronary artery bypass surgery (heart bypass)
- Coronary heart disease
- Corticosteroid injections
- Cosmetic fat transfer
- Cosmetic surgery
- Coughing
- Coughing up blood
- Craniotomy (brain surgery)
- Crepitus
- Crohn's disease
- Cruciate ligament surgery
- CT scan
- Cyst removal
D D:
- Dental implants
- Dental surgery
- Depression
- Dermaroller anti-wrinkle treatment
- Desensitisation immunotherapy
- Detached retina
- Diabetes
- Diabetes test
- Diabetic retinopathy
- Diarrhoea
- Dilatation and curettage
- Discectomy
- Dizziness
- Dobutamine stress echocardiogram
- Dry eye syndrome
- Duodenal switch weight loss surgery
- Dupuytren's contracture
- Dupuytren's contracture (palmar fasciectomy)
- Dysphagia
E E:
- Ear pinning (pinnaplasty)
- Ear, nose and throat
- Earwax removal
- ECG monitoring or event recorder - 24/48 hour
- Echocardiogram
- Eczema
- Eczema and dermatitis
- Electrocardiogram (ECG)
- Endometrial ablation surgery
- Endometrial scratching
- Endometriosis
- Endoscopic ultrasound
- Endothermal ablation
- Endovenous laser treatment
- Enlarged prostate
- Epididymal cysts removal
- Epidural injection
- Erectile dysfunction
- Erectile dysfunction (impotence) treatment
- Eustachian tube balloon dilatation
- Excessive sweating
- Excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis)
- Exercise electrocardiogram
- Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT)
- Eye surgery and treatments
- Eyelid cyst surgery
- Eyelid problems
- Eyelid ptosis
- Eyelid surgery or eyebag removal (blepharoplasty)
G G:
- Gait scanning and orthotics
- Gallbladder / gallstone removal (cholecystectomy)
- Gallstones
- Ganglion cyst
- Ganglion removal surgery
- Gastric balloon (weight loss balloon)
- Gastric band adjustment
- Gastric band surgery
- Gastric bypass surgery
- Gastric sleeve surgery (sleeve gastrectomy)
- Gastroenteritis
- Gastroenterology
- Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
- Gastroscopy
- General medicine
- General surgery
- Genital warts
- Glaucoma
- Glaucoma
- Gout
- Grommets insertion (glue ear treatment)
H H:
- Haematology
- Haemorrhoids removal treatment
- Hair loss
- Hand surgery
- Hand therapy
- Headache
- Headache treatments
- Hearing loss
- Heart treatments
- Heart valve disease
- Heart valve replacement
- Heartburn
- Heavy periods
- Hernia surgery
- Hernioplasty
- Herniorrhaphy
- Herniotomy
- Herpes
- Hiatus hernia
- Hiccups
- High blood pressure
- High cholesterol
- High tibial osteotomy
- Hip and knee
- Hip arthroplasty
- Hip arthroscopy
- Hip fracture
- Hip pain
- Hip replacement surgery
- Hives
- Hormone test
- Hydrocele
- Hydrocele surgery
- Hydrocortisone injections
- Hydrotherapy
- Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
- Hypoglycaemia
- Hysterectomy surgery
- Hysteroscopy procedure
I I:
- Indigestion
- Infertility
- Ingrown toenail surgery
- Inguinal hernia
- Injection treatment for chronic migraines
- Intra-articular injections
- Inverted nipple surgery
- Iron, vitamin and mineral level tests
- Irregular periods
- Irritable bowel syndrome
- Irritated and dry skin
- Itchy anus
- Itchy genitals in women
- Itchy skin
L L:
- Labial reduction surgery (vaginal reshaping)
- Laminectomy
- Laparoscopic cholecystectomy
- Laparoscopic hysterectomy
- Laparoscopy investigation and treatment
- Laryngoscopy investigation
- Laser eye surgery
- Laser eye treatment (yag laser capsulotomy)
- Laser hair reduction
- Laser prostate surgery (HoLEP or GreenLight)
- Laser treatment for vascular birthmarks
- Laser treatments for lines and wrinkles
- Laser verruca treatment
- Lateral intercostal artery perforator (LICAP) flap breast reconstruction
- Leukaemia
- Ligation and stripping
- LINX system
- Lip augmentation
- Liposculpture to treat lines and wrinkles
- Liposuction
- Liposuction for men
- Liver and kidney test
- Liver cancer
- Liver disease
- Liver surgery
- Low sperm count
- Lumbar decompression
- Lung cancer
- Lupus
- Lyme disease
M M:
- Macular hole surgery
- Male breast reduction surgery (gynaecomastia)
- Mammogram (mammography)
- Manual Handling Training
- Mastectomy
- Mastopexy
- Medical admission
- Melanoma skin cancer
- Meniscal tear surgery
- Meniscus tear
- Men's health
- Microdermabrasion and dermabrasion
- Microdiscectomy
- Microsuction
- Microsurgical vasectomy reversal
- Migraines
- Mini facelift
- Mole, cyst, wart and skin tag removal
- Morton's neuroma
- Morton's neuroma excision
- MRI scan (magnetic resonance imaging scan)
- MSK Physiotherapy Services
- Multiple sclerosis
- MyKnee personalised knee replacement
- Myomectomy surgery
P P:
- Pacemaker implantation
- Paediatrics
- Pain during sex
- Pain management
- Pain management
- Pain management injections for back and facet joints
- Pain when urinating
- Palpitations
- Pancreatic cancer
- Partial gastrectomy
- Partial knee replacement (PKR)
- Patch testing
- Patello femoral replacement
- Patellofemoral replacement
- Pectoral implants (chest implants)
- Pectus carinatum
- Pectus excavatum (Nuss procedure)
- Pelvic organ prolapse
- Pelvic vein embolisation
- Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation
- Perform rehabilitation
- Perform sports services
- Period pain
- PFO (hole in the heart) closure
- Phacoemulsification
- Photodynamic therapy (PDT)
- Phototherapy
- Physiotherapy
- Physiotherapy from Perform
- Physiotherapy from Spire
- Pilates Classes
- Piles
- Pins and needles
- Platelet rich plasma therapy (PRP)
- Podiatry
- Polycystic ovary syndrome
- Premenstrual syndrome
- Presbyopia
- Prostate artery embolisation (PAE)
- Prostate cancer
- Prostate cancer screening (PCA3 test)
- Prostate cancer treatment by high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU)
- Prostate surgery and laser prostate surgery
- Prostatectomy
- Psoriasis
- Psoriasis skin treatment
R R:
- Radiofrequency ablation
- Radiotherapy
- Rapid Access Injury Clinic
- Refractive lens exchange surgery
- Respiratory medicine
- Retinal detachment surgery
- Reversal of female sterilisation
- Revision knee replacement
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Rheumatology
- Rhizolysis spinal nerve pain treatment
- Rosacea
- Rotator cuff injury
- Rotator cuff repair
- Roux-en-Y bypass
S S:
- Sacral nerve stimulation (neuromodulation)
- Scans and investigations
- Scar revision
- Sciatica
- Scoliosis
- Scoliosis correction
- Seizure
- Selective internal radiotherapy treatment (SIRT)
- Sentinel lymph node biopsy and lymph node removal
- Septoplasty surgery
- Sexual health testing
- Shoulder arthroscopy
- Shoulder impingement
- Shoulder pain
- Shoulder replacement surgery
- Shoulder stabilisation
- Signature knee replacement
- Silhouette Soft non-surgical thread facelift
- Single-dose intraoperative radiotherapy (SD-IORT) for early stage breast cancer
- Sinus surgery (functional endoscopic sinus surgery or FESS)
- Skin treatments
- Sleep apnoea test
- Sleeve gastrectomy
- Slipped disc
- Snoring
- Snoring treatment
- Spinal cord stimulation
- Spinal decompression surgery
- Spinal fusion test
- Spinal stenosis
- Spinal surgery and treatments
- Spondylolisthesis
- Sports Injury Rehabilitation
- Sports Massage
- Sports science
- Sportsman's hernia or groin treatment
- Squint surgery
- Stem cell therapy
- Steroid injections
- Stomach cancer
- Stomach ulcer
- Stress electrocardiogram
- Stress urinary incontinence
- Stress urinary incontinence (SUI)
- Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) for women
- Stroke
- Surgery for anal fissure
- Surgery for anal fistula
- Surgery for anal warts
- Swallowable gastric balloon
- Swallowing difficulties (Dysphagia)
- Swollen abdomen
- Swollen glands
- Swollen joints
- Swollen knee
- Swollen testicles
T T:
- Tendonitis
- Tennis elbow
- Testicle pain
- Testicular cancer
- Testicular implants
- Thigh and buttock lift
- Thread vein treatment
- Thyroid test
- Thyroidectomy surgery
- Tinnitus
- Tomosynthesis
- Tongue tie
- Tonsillectomy and adenotonsillectomy for children
- Tonsillectomy for adults
- Total body lift
- Total knee replacement (TKR)
- Trabeculectomy
- Transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE)
- Transcatheter Aortic Valve Insertion (TAVI)
- Transoesophageal echocardiogram
- Transurethral prostatic resection
- Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
- Transurethral water ablation
- Treatment for malignant skin cancer
- Trigeminal neuralgia
- Trigger finger
- Trigger finger release
- Tummy tuck (abdominoplasty)
- Tummy tuck (abdominoplasty) for men
- TURP procedure or TURP surgery
- Type 1 diabetes
- Type 2 diabetes